Database Design of Healthcare Management System

Database Design of Healthcare Management System CHAPTER THREE SYTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 3.0 INTRODUCTION Hospital and healthcare services in general are round-the-neck communities with scores of staff, patients and systems that need constant monitoring and integration with each other. They are demanding places where situations change suddenly and rapid responses are essential. For this reason a fully integrated communications strategy and system is vital to maintain high levels of service and care for patients for mutual gains. In this chapter, discussion would be based on the existing system. First, the existing system would be compared with proposed system. Secondly, the weakness and drawbacks of the existing system shall also be discussed 3.1 INVESTIGATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM The current procedure of accessing healthcare is running on paper operating in â€Å"batch modes distributed medical data is less than l00% accurate and will in turn limit the accuracy in the medical symptom, diagnosis and treatment in emergency cases within the health sector. Poor information storage or the complete lack of it in some cases. Poor collaborative forecasting methods leading to slow order turnaround treatment for patients in dire need of these services Poor management decision in critical rescue period. When doctors needs any records the admin/nurse fetches patients file details in know what kind of problem they are complaining about The current system does not give room for proper accounting, planning, management of resources you cannot even integrate it with the current accounting system No existing or current reports module to help management for proper planning, decision taken, for future plans of the hospital FIG. 3.0 The data flow diagram for the current system 3.2 CRITIQUES OF EXISTING SYSTEM The drawbacks of the existing system are: Inability to have accurate inventory status report It is cumbersome and time-consuming to track patients The general lack of ability to generate instance patients medical history reports on all will affect doctors performance and treatment rate Lack of proper handling of medical records Too much paper materials involved and this results into unnecessary costs Insecurity of Records Workers safety is not guarantee 3.2.1FEW ADVANTAGES OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM The existing current system has the following advantages: It is easier for everyone to use specially people that are not computer literate It is cheaper for hospitals because there will be no need to procure computer hardware and software for Asset Management 3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM The proposed system will take advantage of information technology tools and capabilities to enhance and automate medical information management for all staff and patients alike. The proposed system will improve system functionalities and bring new capabilities to hospital information management controls 3.4 BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROPOSED SYSTEM This section outlines the general and functional features mandatory for the applications proposed. Functional Module Requirements; Each hospital observed operates the following high level processes and the system must cater for the following: 3.4.0FAMILY MEDICINE This is a modules designed to keep every record relating to patients. This module contains two features which include: (i) Find a patient record; the patient record is a form which contains every information about: the patient the patient next of kin information service payment option, and employment information (ii) New patient registration; It creates an avenue to enable the record, the treatment given, the clinic been referred to, the mode of payment, etc to be properly stored and retrieved. 3.4.1HUMAN RESOURCES This is a list that contain the names of the personnel (user name) assigned to operate a specific module. The human resources are of two folds namely; Personnel manager; It is a list that contains the details about the management Staff of various departments. Recruit new personnel; this is a form that ensures that newly recruited personnel information is been stored. 3.4.2SCHEDULE The schedule describes the appointment directory. It shows all appointment schedules between calendar months. Admission Centres; These environment comprise of Waiting list Ward, Ward occupancy and bed Nurses list Report and history Waiting List; It shows the list of patients to be admitted to various wards. Nurses List; It is a list that shows the details of the nurses staff and their department. Report and History; It is a list that shows all discharged patients in a particular ward. 3.4.3PHARMACY Pharmacy is a module that contains two major features namely: pharmaceutical centre and stocks management. The pharmaceutical centre has two folds namely: pending orders and pharmaceutical index. While the stock management has eight folds namely: warehouse stocks, stock diary, category management, products management, stocks movement, patients’ order history, stock movement history and diary history. Pending Order; These gives room for the user to view/access the pending orders. Pharmaceutical Index; This enables the user view all pharmacy stock items. To find a stock, entre the barcode and click on find. Ware House Stock; This is an integral part of the stock management designed to view all current warehouse stock. To find a stock: Entre the barcode and click on find. Stock Diary: This is a function of stock management designed to enter the new stock diary. To enter the new stock diary: 3.4.4SPECIALTY CLINIC This is a module that gives information about the various clinics and the patients been referred there. This is of two folds; Pending referred patients, and Find a patient 3.4.5TOOLS AND ENQUIRIES Tools and enquiry is a module that ensures an access to view service fees, telephone directory, and current admitted patients. Service Fees Environment: view service fees environment enables you to view all configure service fees which include service name, amount, department, allow HMO. Telephone Directories: Telephone directories are an environment which enables you to view all phone directories both previous and next record. Current Admitted Patients; The environment enables you to have an access to currently admitted patients details both previous and next record. 3.4.6ACCOUNT AND FINANCE This is a module design to enable one keep and retrieve all information relating to account and finance. This module has six basic features which include: Pending receivables, expenditures, daily cash book, bank account, service fees, reports Pending Receivables; This is an environment that enables you to have an access to pending service fee payments. An environment will be displayed in which the menu bar at the left hand side of the page headed account/ financial mode contains six departments namely: pending receivables, expenditure, daily cashbook, bank accounts, services fees and reports. This enables a user to view and receive pending service payment. Expenditure; It enables users to record new expenditure. Daily Cash Book; It enables user to post cashbook for all department. Bank Account; It enable user to manage bank account. It shows all banks and balance details. It also creates a room for the addition of a new bank account. Service Fees; It enables user to view all service fees/charges Report; It enable user to view financial reports such as the receivable reports, expenses reports and cashbook reports between calendar months. 3.4.7SYSTEM This is an environment designed to enable an individual have access to: system usage logs, user’s rights access control, backup HMS database. System Usage Logs; This is an integral part of system which shows the various event date, event performed, user IP address, event time and department accessed. Users Rights And Access Control; This is an environment designed to show all system users account. Category Management; This enables the user to manage stock category. Product Management; This enables the stock details to be managed. Stock Movement; This aid in the movement of stock from ware house to store, this operation is performed simply by filling in the blank spaces provided and clicking on perform movement. Stock Movement History; This helps to view all stock movement history. it shows stock / item name, batch ID, units moved, the date and notes. Dairy History; This helps to view all stock dairy history. My Account Information; This is a menu bar located at the left hand side and it is accessible in every module. It comprises of: waiting list appointment, my usage / access logs, personal data, change password, and log out from HMS. My Waiting List/ Appointment; this is a waiting list designed to view all appointments and schedules. My Usage/ Access Logs; this enables one to view all system usage history. Click on usage / access logs at the left hand side of the menu bar to view all system usage history. At the top right hand corner is next and previous, click on the next and previous to view the next and previous system usage history. This enables the system administrator to have an overview of the various event date, the event performer, event performed, the user IP address, the event time and the department accessed. 3.4.8PERSONAL DATA This enables an individual to view and update his personal information such as: Name, DoB/Age, Gender, Hospital/Clinic Registration Number, Occupation, Addresses, Telephone Number, Stage of Origin, Religion, Next of Kin information and Date. Patient Bio Data; A form which contains the information of the patient, next of kin information, and employment information will be displayed. Medical Record; As the name implies, it deals with the patient’s medical history. 3.5START-OFF THE PROJECT The project implantation will be done using: Dreamweaver Software PHP Programming language Java script MySQL Database server XAMP server Microsoft Window 7 OS 3.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM It will help management to better monitor patients registration in the system Periodic accident and injury analysis can now be carried out Patients health history can now be monitored Very fast and accurate therefore reduce administrative overheads Maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage Eliminate obsolete business processes Speed up hospital production and responsiveness to incidents It will facilitates treatment of patients as patients history can now easily be retrieved from the system Because it is web based patients last update medical information csn be retrieved even if the patient goes to another hospital. It will give the doctors options of referring patients to other doctors completely automated It will allow hospital Management can plan better and make accurate and informed decisions 3.7 DISADVANTAGE OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM It will lead to unemployment Its only good for those that are computer literates, Nurses and doctors may not be familiar with the technology It may cost more money and infrastructure investment on the part of management Nurses and doctors are unfamiliarity with technology Hackers may ultimately be able to penetrate system despite security precautions System can be attacked by computer viruses Power failure 3.8 SYSTEM DESIGN Overview of the System; Information/system requirement gathered during the time of carrying out the functional specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation requirement and network requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases was put into good use during the design of the application. This project is planned at developing a web-enabled Healthcare information management system (HIMS). 3.8.0FACT FIDING AND REQUIREMENT DISCOVERY This chapter actually presents the method0logy that was used in this study. The methodology chosen followed the already tested and commonly used approach in software engineering and software development life cycle. Actually three key areas were used to get requirement for the Patients medical information system project. The first method was that a review of internet materials related to patient were carried out, I also tried to review specific platform of related design project to ascertain the specific language/platform to use for development of the application. The second most logical direct gathering of information from the hospital visited and used in the study (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH)). It must be quickly pointed out that the tools used in this case were interviewing of staff, observations of passive ways of these things and simulations of different scenarios. The third method of the requirement gathering was by studying the existing applications presently used and we were then able to understand what is lacking in the present system, what needed to be done and we were then after able to fix a time frame (SCOPE) for the project 3.8.1SYSTEM REQUIREMENT MODELLING An object oriented programming was used for the design of the application. In view of this, and in view of the fact that I intend to design an application that will be user friendly and easily accessible. I feel a web enabled application will be more appropriate since we are not talking of a windows application that will just be installed on a client machine in the office. We therefore focused on planning, which included defining our target audience, purpose, objective, application usage, population and finally application development. The look and feel of the application were considered, navigation browser type validations tools were all analyzed and most importantly client/server architecture was also considered. 3.9APPLICATION ARCHITETURE AND MODEILING Developing a web application requires locus and determined effort on the part of the practitioner in meeting people needs The decision for accomplishing this was based on components based model with a linear approach to application development Specification and decisions objective were into account for example issues like meeting the applications purpose and aim and functionalities. The steps used here acted as an overall development methodology and life cycle which were also dependent upon available tools, time line, and user willingness to be involved in the final testing of the system. Implicit in the methodology adapted was the concept of bringing the Patients medical information system refining the application/system based on user feedback 3.10 DESIGNS INPUT The registration form be was designed as such that it will include all information required about the patients. The following is incorporated into the form: Important fields These are fields that must be filled because they are necessary information need. Return dialog box- This is used to guide against the input of wrong data or format in some fields especially the compulsory fields. A sample of patient record been patient record interface is shown below 3.11FLOW CHAT DIAGRAM OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 3.12DATABASE DESIGN OF THE HEATLHCARE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 3.12.0 ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL Entity Relationship Diagram: A representation of data Entity-relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema of a system, often a relational relationship, and its requirements in a top down fashion Diagrams created by this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, ER diagrams or ERDs. Also it can also be defined as a specialized graphic that illustrates the interrelationships between entities in a database ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types of information. Boxes re commonly used to represent entities. Diamonds are normally used to represent relationships and ovals are used to represent attributes. 3.12.1OVERVIEW According to CHEN (Wikipedia), information system design uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be tored in a database. The data modeling technique can be used to describe any ontology (i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a a certain area of interest. In the case of the design of an information system that is based on a database, the conceptual data model is, at a later stage (usually called logical design), mapped to a logical data model, such as the relational model; this in turn is mapped to a physical model during physical design. An entity may be a physical object such as a customer transaction or order. Although the term entity is the one most commonly used, following Chen, we should really distinguish between an entity and entity-type. An entity-type is a category. An entity, strictly speaking, is an instance of a given entity-type. There are usually many instances. 3.12.2 WHAT LEAD TO ER DIAGRAM Once the data has been created in the database the ER diagram will show the relationship between each table created they all have to link to each other. It could be one to many relationship, many to many or one to one relationship, there is always a unique field in the system and in this case it is the patients registration number identifying the patients anywhere in the system. We can retrieve the patient’s records once this registration number generated during registration is known.

Facebook

Opportunities and Challenges UKOLN: Supporting the Cultural Heritage Sector Why The Interest In Facebook? Facebook has generated much interest over recent months. Much of the interest has arisen since Facebook announced the Facebook Platform [1] which enabled third party developers to build applications which could be used within the Facebook environment. Since Facebook was developed initially to support students it is not surprising that student usage has proved so popular.This interest has also spread to ther sectors within institutions, with researchers and members of staff exploring Facebook possibilities. What Can Be Done Within Facebook? Social networks such as Facebook can provide a range of benefits to members of an organisation: Connections with peers: The main function of Facebook is to provide connections between people with similar interests. Friends can then send messages to each other (either closed messages or open for others to read). Groups: Facebook users can set up discussion group areas, which can be used by people with interests in the topic of the group.Creation of details of events, which allows users to sign up to, is another popular use of Facebook. Sharing resources: Many of the popular Facebook applications are used for sharing resources. Some of these replicate (or provide an interface to) popular social sharing services (such as Flickr and YouTube) while other applications provide services such as sharing interests in films, books, etc. An environment for other applications: The opening of the Facebook Platform has allowed developers to provide access to a range of applications.ArtShare [2], for xample, provides access to arts resources from within Facebook. Web presence: Although originally designed for use by individuals since November 2007 Facebook can be used as a Web hosting service for an organisational page. It should also be noted that organisational pages in Facebook were redesigned in 2009 so that they more closely resembl e personal pages [3]. Organisational pages are now also able to share status updates. Facebook: Opportunities and Challenges users can set up discussion group areas, which can be used by people witn interests share Status Updates.What Are The Challenges? Reservations about use of Facebook in an institutional context include: Privacy: There are real concerns related to users' privacy. This will include both short term issues (embarrassing photos being uploaded) and longer term issues (reuse of content in many years time). Ownership: The Facebook terms and conditions allow Facebook to exploit content for commercial purposes. Misuse of social space: Users may not wish to share their social space with other colleagues, especially when there may be hierarchical relationships.Liability: Who will be liable if illegal content or copyrighted aterials are uploaded to Facebook? Who is liable if the service is not accessible to users with disabilities? Sustainability and Interoperability: How s ustainable is the service? Can it provide mission-critical services? Can data be exported for reuse in other systems? Resources: The cost implications in developing services for the Facebook platform. Institutional Responses To Such Challenges How should institutions respond to the potential opportunities provided by Facebook and the challenges which its use may entail?The two extreme positions would be to ither embrace Facebook, encouraging its use by members of the institution and porting services to the environment or to ban its use, possibly by blocking access by the institutions firewall. A more sensible approach might be to develop policies based on: Risk assessment and risk management: Analysing potential dangers and making plans for such contingencies. User education: Developing information literacy / staff development plans to ensure users are aware of the implications of use of Facebook, and the techniques for managing the environment (e. g. privacy settings).

What is Actually Going on with Topics for Personal Reflective Essay

What is Actually Going on with Topics for Personal Reflective Essay There's, naturally, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Initially, accessing the web and utilizing the electronic searching method was a little difficult but it became clearer with the assistance of the IT workshop. Understanding how to not just find by correctly use my found sources for my papers improved my efficiency of writing dramatically because I didn't need to spend a great quantity of time figuring out the way to correctly apply and use the info from my sources in my papers without needing to worry about plagiarizing somebody else's work. Get information about how to properly structure this type of a paper either from the web or any other reliable source. Definitions of Topics for Personal Reflective Essay Choosing our service, you are going to realize that studying ca n be simple if you gain from the help of capable experts. It is among the most typical essays given as an assignment to students of unique levels. Fieldwork experiences may often be an intimidating method of conducting research but they are also able to be fulfilling. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. The papers are lots more difficult to write. Students may get a custom made reflection essay to find rid of their homework problems at once move to the academic writing website to complete the purchase form now! Self reflective essay do not demand much research as with other sort of research. Utilizing this guide, you can discover some other helpful methods to compose an acceptable reflective essay. Top Topics for Personal Reflective Essay Choices It should state your private insight, making it different from other sorts of essay. Some individuals may say that a reflective essay doesn't require a thesis. Except for the principal el ements of your reflective essay, there are several other essentials to look at. The very first thing every student should comprehend how to compose a reflective essay is a powerful, detailed outline. Essays, generally speaking, covers different topics. The essay is composed of your own personal views on the topic and an explanation of your position. Knowing what it is all about will give you a more concise thinking on what to put into your writing. Now, which you already know what's a reflective essay you should figure out the way to compose a reflective essay. Details of Topics for Personal Reflective Essay The decision of your reflective essay ought to be the finishing touch that brings the entire bit of writing together nicely. Since you may see, the notion of the way to compose a reflection essay is versatile and can be addressed in a large number of scenarios. The important thing is to make your essay actually reflective and the trick to achieving that is to set your own personality within it. This kind of essay is an ideal opportunity to expose and discuss your insight about a topic. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Topics for Personal Reflective Essay You only have to share an experience. Turnitin is meant to score higher on the way in which the experience. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Express how useful is the wisdom and experience gained will be helpful in future. If dialog is used to refer to banter involving you and a person in your story, make certain you study how to write dialog in a paper. There are four primary forms of writing. The persuasive forms of writing are definitely the most sophisticated of the four. As a result, you have a dependable supply of writing wisdom round-the-clock. It is having the ability to allow the reader see the way the subject looks or feels like. It is essential that your reader will be in a position to picture exactly how you would like them to picture your subject. The Truth About Topics for Personal Reflective Essay Others would give an overall topic like the ideal childhood experience. The reason I include this bit of jewelry within this essay is because this is what ties my mother to my nature and my emotions. It should reveal the most important topic of the essay but not completely since you need to keep it wrapped in some mystery so you catch the interest of the readers. Tired of work for picking a great topics.

Homers The Odyssey A Lifes Journey Essay - 612 Words

Odysseus left Calypso’s Island and began his journey back home. His odyssey might be described as one’s own life struggles. There are ups and downs to every situation, and through reading The Odyssey, readers can connect parallels between Odysseus’ experiences and lessons learned in their own life. Human weaknesses can still prevail through even the strongest men you may think of; examples of this are shown in this epic. Even though there is a large gap in space between Odysseus’ travels and the present, human nature and weakness still share the same obstacles. There are many ways to interpret The Odyssey as allegory for life’s journey. It can be seen as a long and strenuous hike with many hardships to get to something much†¦show more content†¦He knew what was good for the group, by sacrificing a few of them to the monster, he saved all the rest. This turned out to be the best decision in the long run. They may have been mad at him at fi rst, but eventually they would come to realize what good that had done them. From this adventure of Odysseus, we can learn to trust those who know best for us, such as our parents. For example, before you go off the diving board the first time, you may be sacred and terrified, but they will push you to do it because the reward will be worth it. So, you go off and you get water up your nose, but the adrenaline rush and exhilaration you felt were worth it. In the end you realize it was better to go off for the first time so you know what it feels like. This is a symbol for trusting in people even though you are uncertain. Even though Odysseus is the hero in this epic, it is shown he is only human and he makes mistakes too. No matter how noble or strong we may be, it is only natural to error. When he traveled to Circe’s home, he was enchanted by her and was unfaithful to his wife, Penelope. By being around a beautiful goddess and not having seen your wife in years, Odysseus natu rally had a tendency to cheat on Penelope. We see that in our culture today. When spouses are gone for too long and if you know they don’t have a chance to find out about your whereabouts, people succumb to theirShow MoreRelated Odysseus’ Search for Purpose in Homers Odyssey Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesOdysseus’ Search for Purpose in The Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a wayfarer in life, The Odyssey focuses on life’s greater purpose through the fulfillment of destiny, perseverance, and loyalty. These three themes recur continuously throughout Odysseus’ journey, molding life’s greater vision. Odysseus comes to understand his purpose in life by remaining true to these major themes as he faces and conquers each obstacle in his journey. 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